Arnold-Chiari malformation, often simply called Chiari malformation (CM), is a structural defect in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination. In this condition, brain tissue extends down into the spinal canal. This occurs when the lower part of the cerebellum, called the cerebellar tonsils, is pushed through the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.
The pressure this puts on the cerebellum and brainstem can cause a variety of symptoms. Chiari malformations are often congenital, meaning they are present at birth, resulting from developmental issues during fetal growth. However, they can sometimes develop later in life due to injury, infection, or other conditions that cause excessive spinal fluid drainage.
There are several types of Chiari malformations, with Type I being the most common and often the least severe:
Symptoms of Chiari Malformation Type I can include:
Symptoms of Chiari Malformation Type II are often associated with myelomeningocele and can include:
Diagnosis typically involves a neurological examination and imaging tests, primarily MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), which provides detailed images of the brain and spinal cord. A CT scan may also be used in some cases.
Treatment for Chiari malformation depends on the type, severity of symptoms, and presence of associated conditions.
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